CodeQL library for C/C++
codeql/cpp-all 2.0.2 (changelog, source)
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Module IR

Provides classes that describe the Intermediate Representation (IR) of the program.

The IR is a representation of the semantics of the program, with very little dependence on the syntax that was used to write the program. For example, in C++, the statements i += 1;, i++, and ++i all have the same semantic effect, but appear in the AST as three different types of Expr node. In the IR, all three statements are broken down into a sequence of fundamental operations similar to:

r1(int*) = VariableAddress[i]  // Compute the address of variable `i`
r2(int) = Load &:r1, m0  // Load the value of `i`
r3(int) = Constant[1]  // An integer constant with the value `1`
r4(int) = Add r2, r3  // Add `1` to the value of `i`
r5(int) = Store &r1, r4  // Store the new value back into the variable `i`

This allows IR-based analysis to focus on the fundamental operations, rather than having to be concerned with the various ways of expressing those operations in source code.

The key classes in the IR are:

  • IRFunction - Contains the IR for an entire function definition, including all of that function’s Instructions, IRBlocks, and IRVariables.
  • Instruction - A single operation in the IR. An instruction specifies the operation to be performed, the operands that produce the inputs to that operation, and the type of the result of the operation. Control flows from an Instruction to one of a set of successor Instructions.
  • Operand - An input value of an Instruction. All inputs of an Instruction are explicitly represented as Operands, even if the input was implicit in the source code. An Operand has a link to the Instruction that consumes its value (its “use”) and a link to the Instruction that produces its value (its “definition”).
  • IRVariable - A variable accessed by the IR for a particular function. An IRVariable is created for each variable directly accessed by the function. In addition, IRVariables are created to represent certain temporary storage locations that do not have explicitly declared variables in the source code, such as the return value of the function.
  • IRBlock - A “basic block” in the control flow graph of a function. An IRBlock contains a sequence of instructions such that control flow can only enter the block at the first instruction, and can only leave the block from the last instruction.
  • IRType - The type of a value accessed in the IR. Unlike the Type class in the AST, IRType is language-neutral. For example, in C++, unsigned int, char32_t, and wchar_t might all be represented as the IRType uint4, a four-byte unsigned integer.

Import path

import semmle.code.cpp.ir.IR

Classes

AddInstruction

An instruction that computes the sum of two numeric operands.

AddressOperand

The address operand of an instruction that loads or stores a value from memory (e.g. Load, Store).

AliasedDefinitionInstruction

An instruction that initializes all escaped memory.

AliasedUseInstruction

An instruction that consumes all escaped memory on exit from the function.

ArgumentOperand

An operand representing an argument to a function call. This includes both positional arguments (represented by PositionalArgumentOperand) and the implicit this argument, if any (represented by ThisArgumentOperand).

ArithmeticInstruction

An instruction that computes the result of an arithmetic operation.

ArithmeticOpcode

The Opcode for an ArithmeticInstruction.

BinaryArithmeticInstruction

An instruction that performs an arithmetic operation on two numeric operands.

BinaryArithmeticOpcode

The Opcode for a BinaryArithmeticInstruction.

BinaryBitwiseInstruction

An instruction that performs a bitwise operation on two integer operands.

BinaryBitwiseOpcode

The Opcode for a BinaryBitwiseInstruction.

BinaryInstruction

An instruction whose result is computed from two operands.

BinaryOpcode

The Opcode for a BinaryInstruction.

BitAndInstruction

An instruction that computes the bitwise “and” of two integer operands.

BitComplementInstruction

An instruction that computes the bitwise complement of its operand.

BitOrInstruction

An instruction that computes the bitwise “or” of two integer operands.

BitXorInstruction

An instruction that computes the bitwise “xor” of two integer operands.

BitwiseInstruction

An instruction that computes the result of a bitwise operation.

BitwiseOpcode

The Opcode for a BitwiseInstruction.

BufferAccessOpcode

An opcode that accesses a memory buffer.

BufferMayWriteSideEffectInstruction

An instruction representing the write of an indirect buffer parameter within a function call.

BufferMemoryAccess

The operand or result accesses memory starting at the address specified by the AddressOperand on the same instruction, accessing a number of consecutive elements given by the BufferSizeOperand.

BufferMustWriteSideEffectInstruction

An instruction representing the write of an indirect buffer parameter within a function call. The entire buffer is overwritten.

BufferReadSideEffectInstruction

An instruction representing the read of an indirect buffer parameter within a function call.

BufferSizeOperand

The buffer size operand of an instruction that represents a read or write of a buffer.

BuiltInInstruction

An instruction representing a built-in operation that does not have a specific opcode. The actual operation is specified by the getBuiltInOperation() predicate.

BuiltInOperationInstruction

An instruction representing a built-in operation.

BuiltInOperationOpcode

The Opcode for a BuiltInOperationInstruction.

CallInstruction

An instruction that calls a function.

CallReadSideEffectInstruction

An instruction representing the side effect of a function call on any memory that might be read by that call.

CallSideEffectInstruction

An instruction representing the side effect of a function call on any memory that might be accessed by that call.

CallTargetOperand

The operand representing the target function of an Call instruction.

CaseEdge

A “case” edge, representing the successor of a Switch instruction when the the condition value matches a corresponding case label.

CatchAnyInstruction

An instruction that catches any exception.

CatchByTypeInstruction

An instruction that catches an exception of a specific type.

CatchInstruction

An instruction that starts a catch handler.

CatchOpcode

The Opcode for a CatchInstruction.

CheckedConvertOrNullInstruction

An instruction that converts the address of a polymorphic object to the address of a different subobject of the same polymorphic object, returning a null address if the dynamic type of the object is not compatible with the result type.

CheckedConvertOrThrowInstruction

An instruction that converts the address of a polymorphic object to the address of a different subobject of the same polymorphic object, throwing an exception if the dynamic type of the object is not compatible with the result type.

ChiInstruction

An instruction representing the effect that a write to a memory may have on potential aliases of that memory.

ChiPartialMemoryAccess

The operand is a ChiPartial operand, which accesses the same memory as its definition.

ChiPartialOperand

The partial operand of a Chi node, representing the value being written to part of the memory.

ChiTotalMemoryAccess

The operand is a ChiTotal operand, which accesses the same memory as its definition.

ChiTotalOperand

The total operand of a Chi node, representing the previous value of the memory.

CompareEQInstruction

An instruction that returns a true result if its operands are equal.

CompareGEInstruction

An instruction that returns a true result if its left operand is greater than or equal to its right operand.

CompareGTInstruction

An instruction that returns a true result if its left operand is greater than its right operand.

CompareInstruction

An instruction that compares two numeric operands.

CompareLEInstruction

An instruction that returns a true result if its left operand is less than or equal to its right operand.

CompareLTInstruction

An instruction that returns a true result if its left operand is less than its right operand.

CompareNEInstruction

An instruction that returns a true result if its operands are not equal.

CompareOpcode

The Opcode for a CompareInstruction.

CompleteObjectAddressInstruction

An instruction that returns the address of the complete object that contains the subobject pointed to by its operand.

ConditionOperand

The condition operand of a ConditionalBranch or Switch instruction.

ConditionalBranchInstruction

An instruction that branches to one of two successor instructions based on the value of a Boolean operand.

ConstantInstruction

An instruction whose result is a constant value.

ConstantValueInstruction

An instruction whose result is a compile-time constant value.

ConvertInstruction

An instruction that converts the value of its operand to a value of a different type.

ConvertToBaseInstruction

An instruction that converts from the address of a derived class to the address of a base class.

ConvertToBaseOpcode

The Opcode for a ConvertToBaseInstruction.

ConvertToDerivedInstruction

An instruction that converts from the address of a base class to the address of a direct non-virtual derived class.

ConvertToNonVirtualBaseInstruction

An instruction that converts from the address of a derived class to the address of a direct non-virtual base class.

ConvertToVirtualBaseInstruction

An instruction that converts from the address of a derived class to the address of a virtual base class.

CopyInstruction

An instruction that returns a copy of its operand.

CopyOpcode

The Opcode for a CopyInstruction.

CopyValueInstruction

An instruction that returns a register result containing a copy of its register operand.

DefaultEdge

A “default” edge, representing the successor of a Switch instruction when none of the case values matches the condition value.

DivInstruction

An instruction that computes the quotient of two numeric operands.

EdgeKind

Represents the kind of an edge in the IR control flow graph. Each Instruction or IRBlock has at most one successor of any single EdgeKind.

ElementsAddressInstruction

An instruction that computes the address of the first element of a managed array.

EnterFunctionInstruction

An instruction representing the entry point to a function.

EntireAllocationAccessOpcode

An opcode that access an entire memory allocation.

EntireAllocationMemoryAccess

The operand or results accesses all memory in the contiguous allocation that contains the address specified by the AddressOperand on the same instruction.

EntireAllocationReadOpcode

An opcode that reads from an entire memory allocation.

EntireAllocationWriteOpcode

An opcode that write to an entire memory allocation.

ErrorInstruction

An instruction that produces a well-defined but unknown result and has unknown side effects, including side effects that are not conservatively modeled in the SSA graph.

EscapedMemoryAccess

The operand or result accesses all memory whose address has escaped.

EscapedReadOpcode

An opcode that might read from any escaped memory location.

EscapedWriteOpcode

An opcode that might write to any escaped memory location.

ExceptionEdge

An “exception” edge, representing the successor of an instruction when that instruction’s evaluation throws an exception.

ExitFunctionInstruction

An instruction representing the exit point of a function.

FalseEdge

A “false” edge, representing the successor of a conditional branch when the condition is zero.

FieldAddressInstruction

An instruction that computes the address of a non-static field of an object.

FieldInstruction

An instruction that refers to a field of a class, struct, or union.

FloatConstantInstruction

An instruction whose result is a constant value of floating-point type.

FunctionAddressInstruction

An instruction that returns the address of a function.

FunctionInstruction

An instruction that refers to a function.

GotoEdge

A “goto” edge, representing the unconditional successor of an Instruction or IRBlock.

GroupedMemoryAccess

The result of an UninitializedGroup instruction, which initializes a set of allocations that are each assigned the same virtual variable.

IRAddressType

An address type, representing the memory address of data. Used to represent pointers, references, and lvalues, include those that are garbage collected.

IRAutomaticUserVariable

A user-declared variable that is allocated on the stack. This includes all parameters and non-static local variables.

IRAutomaticVariable

A variable (user-declared or temporary) that is allocated on the stack. This includes all parameters, non-static local variables, and temporary variables.

IRBlock

A basic block with additional information about its predecessor and successor edges. Each edge corresponds to the control flow between the last instruction of one block and the first instruction of another block.

IRBlockBase

A basic block in the IR. A basic block consists of a sequence of Instructions with the only incoming edges at the beginning of the sequence and the only outgoing edges at the end of the sequence.

IRBooleanType

A Boolean type, which can hold the values true (non-zero) or false (zero).

IRDynamicInitializationFlag

A variable generated to track whether a specific non-stack variable has been initialized. This is used to model the runtime initialization of static local variables in C++, as well as static fields in C#.

IREllipsisVariable

A temporary variable generated to hold the contents of all arguments passed to the ... of a function that accepts a variable number of arguments.

IRErrorType

An error type. Used when an error in the source code prevents the extractor from determining the proper type.

IRFloatingPointType

A floating-point type.

IRFunction

The IR for a function.

IRFunctionAddressType

An address type, representing the memory address of code. Used to represent function pointers, function references, and the target of a direct function call.

IRFunctionBase

The IR for a function. This base class contains only the predicates that are the same between all phases of the IR. Each instantiation of IRFunction extends this class.

IRGeneratedVariable

A variable that is not user-declared. This includes temporary variables generated as part of IR construction, as well as string literals.

IRIntegerType

An integer type. This includes IRSignedIntegerType and IRUnsignedIntegerType.

IRNumericType

A numeric type. This includes IRSignedIntegerType, IRUnsignedIntegerType, and IRFloatingPointType.

IROpaqueType

A type with known size that does not fit any of the other kinds of type. Used to represent classes, structs, unions, fixed-size arrays, pointers-to-member, and more.

IRParameter

An IR variable which acts like a function parameter, including positional parameters and the temporary variables generated for this and ellipsis parameters.

IRPositionalParameter

An IR variable representing a positional parameter.

IRPropertyProvider

A class that provides additional properties to be dumped for IR instructions and blocks when using the PrintIR module. Libraries that compute additional facts about IR elements can extend the single instance of this class to specify the additional properties computed by the library.

IRReturnVariable

A temporary variable generated to hold the return value of a function.

IRSignedIntegerType

A signed two’s-complement integer. Also used to represent enums whose underlying type is a signed integer, as well as character types whose representation is signed.

IRStaticUserVariable

A user-declared variable that is not allocated on the stack. This includes all global variables, namespace-scope variables, static fields, and static local variables.

IRStringLiteral

A variable generated to represent the contents of a string literal. This variable acts much like a read-only global variable.

IRTempVariable

A temporary variable introduced by IR construction. The most common examples are the variable generated to hold the return value of a function, or the variable generated to hold the result of a condition operator (a ? b : c).

IRThisVariable

A temporary variable generated to hold the this pointer.

IRThrowVariable

A temporary variable generated to hold the exception thrown by a ThrowValue instruction.

IRType

The language-neutral type of an IR Instruction, Operand, or IRVariable. The interface to IRType and its subclasses is the same across all languages for which the IR is supported, so analyses that expect to be used for multiple languages should generally use IRType rather than a language-specific type.

IRUnknownType

An unknown type. Generally used to represent results and operands that access an unknown set of memory locations, such as the side effects of a function call.

IRUnsignedIntegerType

An unsigned two’s-complement integer. Also used to represent enums whose underlying type is an unsigned integer, as well as character types whose representation is unsigned.

IRUserVariable

A user-declared variable referenced by the IR for a function.

IRVariable

A variable referenced by the IR for a function.

IRVoidType

A void type, which has no values. Used to represent the result type of an instruction that does not produce a result.

IndexedInstruction

An instruction that refers to an argument of a Call instruction.

IndirectMayWriteSideEffectInstruction

An instruction representing the potential write of an indirect parameter within a function call.

IndirectMemoryAccess

The operand or result accesses memory at the address specified by the AddressOperand on the same instruction.

IndirectMemoryAccessOpcode

An opcode that accesses a single memory location via an AddressOperand.

IndirectMustWriteSideEffectInstruction

An instruction representing the write of an indirect parameter within a function call.

IndirectReadOpcode

An opcode that reads from a single memory location via an AddressOperand.

IndirectReadSideEffectInstruction

An instruction representing the read of an indirect parameter within a function call.

IndirectWriteOpcode

An opcode that writes to a single memory location via an AddressOperand.

InheritanceConversionInstruction

An instruction that converts the address of an object to the address of a different subobject of the same object, without any type checking at runtime.

InitializeDynamicAllocationInstruction

An instruction representing the initial value of newly allocated memory, such as the result of a call to malloc.

InitializeIndirectionInstruction

An instruction that initializes the memory pointed to by a parameter of the enclosing function with the value of that memory on entry to the function.

InitializeNonLocalInstruction

An instruction that initializes all memory that existed before this function was called.

InitializeParameterInstruction

An instruction that initializes a parameter of the enclosing function with the value of the corresponding argument passed by the caller.

InitializeThisInstruction

An instruction that initializes the this pointer parameter of the enclosing function.

InlineAsmInstruction

An instruction representing a GNU or MSVC inline assembly statement.

Instruction

A single instruction in the IR.

IntegerConstantInstruction

An instruction whose result is a constant value of integer or Boolean type.

LeftOperand

The left operand of a binary instruction (e.g. Add, CompareEQ).

LoadInstruction

An instruction that returns a register result containing a copy of its memory operand.

LoadOperand

The source value operand of an instruction that loads a value from memory (e.g. Load, ReturnValue, ThrowValue).

LogicalNotInstruction

An instruction that computes the logical complement of its operand.

MayReadOpcode

An opcode whose read memory access is a may read, as opposed to a must read.

MayWriteOpcode

An opcode whose write memory access is a may write, as opposed to a must write.

MemoryAccessKind

Describes the set of memory locations memory accessed by a memory operand or memory result.

MemoryOperand

An operand that consumes a memory result (e.g. the LoadOperand on a Load instruction).

MulInstruction

An instruction that computes the product of two numeric operands.

NegateInstruction

An instruction that negates a single numeric operand.

NewObjInstruction

An instruction that allocates a new object on the managed heap.

NextVarArgInstruction

An instruction that modifies a va_list to point to the next argument that was passed to the ... parameter.

NoOpInstruction

An instruction that has no effect.

NonLocalMemoryAccess

The operand or result access all memory whose address has escaped, other than data on the stack frame of the current function.

NonPhiMemoryOperand

A memory operand other than the operand of a Phi instruction.

NonPhiOperand

An operand that is not an operand of a PhiInstruction.

Opcode

An opcode that specifies the operation performed by an Instruction.

OpcodeWithLoad

An opcode that reads a value from memory.

Operand

An operand of an Instruction. The operand represents a use of the result of one instruction (the defining instruction) in another instruction (the use instruction)

PhiInputOperand

An operand of a PhiInstruction.

PhiInstruction

An instruction representing the choice of one of multiple input values based on control flow.

PhiMemoryAccess

The operand is a Phi operand, which accesses the same memory as its definition.

PointerAddInstruction

An instruction that adds an integer offset to a pointer.

PointerArithmeticInstruction

An instruction that performs a binary arithmetic operation involving at least one pointer operand.

PointerArithmeticOpcode

The Opcode for a PointerArithmeticInstruction.

PointerConstantInstruction

An instruction whose result is a constant value of a pointer type.

PointerDiffInstruction

An instruction that computes the difference between two pointers.

PointerOffsetInstruction

An instruction that adds or subtracts an integer offset from a pointer.

PointerOffsetOpcode

The Opcode for a PointerOffsetInstruction.

PointerSubInstruction

An instruction that subtracts an integer offset from a pointer.

PositionalArgumentOperand

An operand representing an argument to a function call.

ReThrowInstruction

An instruction that re-throws the current exception.

ReadSideEffectInstruction

An instruction representing a read side effect of a function call on a specific parameter.

ReadSideEffectOpcode

The Opcode for a ReadSideEffectInstruction.

RegisterOperand

An operand that consumes a register (non-memory) result.

RelationalInstruction

An instruction that does a relative comparison of two values, such as < or >=.

RelationalOpcode

The Opcode for a RelationalInstruction.

RemInstruction

An instruction that computes the remainder of two integer operands.

ReturnIndirectionInstruction

An instruction that represents the use of the value pointed to by a parameter of the function after the function returns control to its caller.

ReturnInstruction

An instruction that returns control to the caller of the function.

ReturnOpcode

The Opcode for a ReturnInstruction.

ReturnValueInstruction

An instruction that returns control to the caller of the function, including a return value.

ReturnVoidInstruction

An instruction that returns control to the caller of the function, without returning a value.

RightOperand

The right operand of a binary instruction (e.g. Add, CompareEQ).

ShiftLeftInstruction

An instruction that shifts its left operand to the left by the number of bits specified by its right operand.

ShiftRightInstruction

An instruction that shifts its left operand to the right by the number of bits specified by its right operand.

SideEffectInstruction

An instruction representing a side effect of a function call.

SideEffectOpcode

The Opcode for a SideEffectInstruction.

SideEffectOperand

An operand representing memory read as a side effect of evaluating another instruction.

SizedBufferAccessOpcode

An opcode that accesses a memory buffer whose size is determined by a BufferSizeOperand.

SizedBufferMayWriteSideEffectInstruction

An instruction representing the write of an indirect buffer parameter within a function call.

SizedBufferMustWriteSideEffectInstruction

An instruction representing the write of an indirect buffer parameter within a function call. The entire buffer is overwritten.

SizedBufferReadOpcode

An opcode that reads from a memory buffer whose size is determined by a BufferSizeOperand.

SizedBufferReadSideEffectInstruction

An instruction representing the read of an indirect buffer parameter within a function call.

SizedBufferWriteOpcode

An opcode that writes to a memory buffer whose size is determined by a BufferSizeOperand.

StoreInstruction

An instruction that returns a memory result containing a copy of its register operand.

StoreValueOperand

The source value operand of a Store instruction.

StringConstantInstruction

An instruction whose result is the address of a string literal.

SubInstruction

An instruction that computes the difference of two numeric operands.

SwitchInstruction

An instruction that branches to one of multiple successor instructions based on the value of an integer operand.

TempVariableTag

A reason that a particular IR temporary variable was generated. For example, it could be generated to hold the return value of a function, or to hold the result of a ?: operator computed on each branch. The set of possible TempVariableTags is language-dependent.

ThisArgumentOperand

An operand representing the implicit this argument to a member function call.

ThrowInstruction

An instruction that throws an exception.

ThrowOpcode

The Opcode for a ThrowInstruction.

ThrowValueInstruction

An instruction that throws a new exception.

TrueEdge

A “true” edge, representing the successor of a conditional branch when the condition is non-zero.

TypedOperand

A memory operand whose type may be different from the type of the result of its definition.

UnaryArithmeticInstruction

An instruction whose result is computed by performing an arithmetic operation on a single numeric operand.

UnaryArithmeticOpcode

The Opcode for a UnaryArithmeticInstruction.

UnaryBitwiseInstruction

An instruction that performs a bitwise operation on a single integer operand.

UnaryBitwiseOpcode

The Opcode for a UnaryBitwiseInstruction.

UnaryInstruction

An instruction whose result is computed from a single operand.

UnaryOpcode

The Opcode for a UnaryInstruction.

UnaryOperand

The sole operand of a unary instruction (e.g. Convert, Negate, Copy).

UninitializedGroupInstruction

An instruction that initializes a set of allocations that are each assigned the same “virtual variable”.

UninitializedInstruction

An instruction that returns an uninitialized value.

UnreachedInstruction

An instruction representing unreachable code.

UnsignedShiftRightInstruction

An instruction that shifts its left operand to the right by the number of bits specified by its right operand.

UnsizedBufferAccessOpcode

An opcode that accesses a memory buffer of unknown size.

UnsizedBufferReadOpcode

An opcode that reads from a memory buffer of unknown size.

UnsizedBufferWriteOpcode

An opcode that writes to a memory buffer of unknown size.

UnwindInstruction

An instruction that exits the current function by propagating an exception.

VarArgInstruction

An instruction that returns the address of the argument currently pointed to by a va_list.

VarArgsEndInstruction

An instruction that cleans up a va_list after it is no longer in use.

VarArgsStartInstruction

An instruction that returns a va_list to access the arguments passed to the ... parameter.

VariableAddressInstruction

An instruction that returns the address of a variable.

VariableInstruction

An instruction that refers to a variable.

VirtualDeleteFunctionAddressInstruction

An instruction that returns the address of a “virtual” delete function.

WriteSideEffectInstruction

An instruction representing a write side effect of a function call on a specific parameter.

WriteSideEffectOpcode

The Opcode for a WriteSideEffectInstruction.

Modules

EdgeKind

Predicates to access the single instance of each EdgeKind class.

IRTypeConsistency

INTERNAL: Do not use. Query predicates used to check invariants that should hold for all IRType objects. To run all consistency queries for the IR, including the ones below, run “semmle/code/cpp/IR/IRConsistency.ql”.

Opcode

Provides Opcodes that specify the operation performed by an Instruction.